Thursday, October 31, 2019

Adolescence and the Internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Adolescence and the Internet - Essay Example This use of the Internet has created interest in researchers. Studies on the impact of the Internet on the welfare and development of adolescents have resulted. The focus of these studies has been on the manner of use by the adolescents and the potential risk of exposure to anonymous communication, from within or outside the adolescent group. The findings of these studies have raised concerns over the negative impact of the use of the Internet. This article by Elisheva F. Gross attempts to negate these concerns. It focuses on the positive aspects of the adolescent use of the Internet. Additional topics explored are motives for use of the Internet, actual online behavior and strategies for the prevention of online dating. The article by Elisheva outlines the three propositions that were the result of earlier studies. These are that gender predicts usage; the Internet may lead to social isolation and depression and the tendency to use anonymous identities by adolescents. She attempts a comparison of these propositions with the findings of her research into the online behavior of adolescents. The main thrust of the argument of Elisheva against these propositions is that they are based on particular empirical studies or case-based questions. Such methodologies lead to biased and inaccurate research findings. In support of her contention, she uses more focused and specific research. She further argues that the spread of the Internet provides enhanced scope for communication. Evidence from her research leads Elisheva to conclude that there is no corroboration of the earlier findings. Thus her research causes her to refute the earlier findings and instead suggests that there is a similarity in use of the Internet irrespective of gender.  

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Hemorrhoids Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hemorrhoids - Research Paper Example Hemorrhoids are actually very simple to develop, which is due in part to the fact that hemorrhoids already exist in the body. All it takes to disrupt them is an increase of pressure in the lower rectum. Aspects that can cause increased pressure are straining during bowel movements, sitting on the toilet for long periods of time and chronic diarrhea. Other factors include obesity, pregnancy and anal intercourse. It is also possible to inherit the ability to develop hemorrhoids, as well as the possibility of developing them simply due to age. Signs and symptoms connected to hemorrhoids are painless bleeding during bowel movements, itching in or around the anal region, and swelling or painful lumps around the anus (Salinitri, pg. 16). Other symptoms include hemorrhoids jutting out from the anus that are very painful. The types of symptoms that an individual experiences is based entirely on where the hemorrhoids are, whether internal or external. When hemorrhoids are on the inside of the body, they are harder to feel, do not cause pain and often go unnoticed unless they start to bleed. Numerous options are available for treatment of hemorrhoids. Unfortunately, there is no cure for hemorrhoids, though there are plenty of methods to help alleviate the pain. Once a person develops hemorrhoids, and even after they have disappeared, it still remains in their body, capable of reappearing in the future. For more mild symptoms, over-the-counter creams and suppositories can be used. Their main purpose is to help relieve the pain caused by the hemorrhoids. For more painful symptoms, a doctor can prescribe other medications. There are other options to help with the treatment of hemorrhoids, such as rubber band ligation, which is when the doctor places rubber bands are an internal hemorrhoid to cut off its circulation (Kelsey, pg. 43). Injections are also available to help shrink the hemorrhoids, though this is not as effective as rubber band ligations. With

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Surviving Super Bowl Sunday Parties with Diabetes

Surviving Super Bowl Sunday Parties with Diabetes Surviving Super Bowl Sunday: 10 Important Tips for Diabetic NFL Fans Just a few more days until the much-awaited Super Bowl and your diabetic self has been receiving invitations left and right to Super Bowl parties, if you haven’t been giving them away yourself. Well, let me pitch you a straight one here (that was quite possibly the wrong sport): those parties are a nightmare for your blood sugar. The best tip, of course, is not to go at all. If you’re really not interested and/or is just using the â€Å"but everyone will be there† excuse, just don’t go. Nobody’s going to burn you at the stake for it and you’ll save yourself from the calories. Unfortunately, if you’re a true fan or if you’ve turned watching the Super Bowl to some sort of tradition, not attending is almost synonymous to sacrilege. This article is aimed at giving tips to help out those diabetics out there who intend to go to one or two Super Bowl parties, no matter their reason. What can I eat? Super Bowls parties are known for their high-strung screaming and emphatic arm gestures aimed at football players who can’t see them. In order to prepare for all this work, party planners serve a lot of sugar in many forms, be they in the guise of drinks or actual food. It’s not exactly a paradise for diabetics. My tip? If you’re planning the party yourself, do not forget the healthy snacks. Don’t be scared of people thinking you’re lame for serving them. The Super Bowl is one fun-filled night, it’s not exactly worth getting blood-sugar complications over. If the list of your guests has a few true friends, they’ll understand. If you’re attending a party, however, the tip basically is to make healthy choices you’ll actually enjoy. Basically, Less carbs, more protein. If you want to go for meats, make sure that they are either roasted, grilled, seared, or broiled. Dip you can have a small spoonful of or, if you can, none at all. Make this your motto for the night: â€Å"If you don’t like it, don’t eat it.† Okay, so if I don’t like it what am I suppose to do with it? Well, you could not touch it at all? Or if you’ve already placed it on your plate, just don’t eat it. Remember, your mother is not there to tell you to finish everything on your plate. If she is, well, sucks for you, man. Of course, it’s not good to waste food. Just never fill your plate completely with food and manage your portions well. If you accidentally put too much, ask someone else to finish the food for you. Ask your mother. Anything specific I should avoid? The bread and the rolls, definitely. Not only are they usually full of calories, they don’t even taste that good by themselves. For them to actually taste like anything, you have to go and smear more calories on top. If you’re planning to eat calories, save the space for some that actually taste like something. In general, do not pick up foods that you know are filled with calories if you also know they’re not worth it. Anything I shouldn’t forget at home? Well, don’t just bring your Super Bowl spirit with you. Bring your prescription medicine! Never leave your home without your med for anything! Do so and your diabetes might just get a touchdown on you. Another thing you shouldn’t leave home without doing is eating. Yes, eat at home even if you’re going to a food-packed Super Bowl party. Please do not forget that the food that party will be packed with is probably full of sugar and if you’re hungry by the time you reach the aforementioned party well, let’s just say good luck to your blood sugar. The last tip for this portion would be to pack your own food as there is a huge chance that, that party you’re going to will not have even a pinch of healthy in it. No, that is not lame. Do not be afraid to be that kid who packed lunch for school, even though everyone else was buying food from the cafeteria. That kid was smart, and he or she saved money by not buying those over-priced, rarely good cafeteria foods. In this case, you wouldn’t be saving money, but you’d be saving your life and that is pretty cool, if I do say so myself. How should I eat? My tip here is to eat slowly. You are not racing against time. You have the whole night and you don’t have to eat everything on your plate all at once. Try to just eat a small amount per quarter. Remember that the body is rather slow when it comes to realization. It takes some time for it to understand that it’s full. If you eat too quickly, you’re going to eat way over your limit. Eating slowly would also help you avoid sudden spikes to your blood-sugar. What if the calories are unavoidable? How do I deal with them? If consuming calories are really unavoidable, then my tip would be to eat them, don’t drink them. Calorie-rich drinks are too quick to transform to blood sugar and can be a real problem for diabetics. Eating calories would give more delay to the transformation, helping you avoid sudden spikes to your blood-sugar. Speaking of drinking, um how should I deal with that? Alcoholic drinks are sort of a given at parties like the ones at Super Bowl Sundays. Unfortunately, they’re not exactly a diabetic’s best friend so just don’t go. That was a joke. Down a large glass of water after every drink of alcohol, that is my tip for you. Doing so will keep you hydrated. It will also make you pee a lot, so you can flush out the junk in your system as soon as they come in. Drinking water between alcohol can also keep you from getting full-on drunk and revealing all your dark and dirty secrets while your favorite team muscle their way through for a touchdown. Don’t worry, the only way to fully get rid of the alcohol in your system would be to take a good night’s rest. This tip will still allow you to keep that laugh-inducing buzz running around your head. Anything else I should do? You know, other than to constantly walk between the TV and the water dispenser? Yes, walk around in general. It is an undisputed fact that exercise is good for diabetics, and actually for anyone alive who intends to live long enough to meet their grandchildren. Exercising and enjoying the Super Bowl all at once is not impossible. Just get up during commercial breaks and simply walk around. If you’re up for it, really get into the football fever and challenge a few friends to a game or two in the backyard. So I really can’t eat any of the good stuff? Seeing as it’s a special occasion, I suppose it can be allowed, but only in very small portions. Like if it’s cake we’re talking about, just take a slice and no more. If you realize after a few bites that it’s not really as good as you imagined it to be, go ask someone else to eat it for you so you won’t be so wasteful. Anything else I shouldn’t forget to do? Do not forget to monitor your blood-sugar regularly. Even if you think you’re handling yourself well, you could be wrong, and it is always better to be safe than sorry. Being diabetic and enjoying Super Bowl Sundays are two things that have never been easy to manage together, hence youre researching and discovering these tips. But really, you could get away with anything if you just manage your food well. Or, if you have an intention of getting drunk out of your mind, at least task someone else to do the managing and the checking for you. I advise that you do not task your mother. Oh, and one last tip: enjoy the Super Bowl. You’re working this hard to manage your diabetes for it so you might as well enjoy it.

Friday, October 25, 2019

Platinum (Pt) analogues Essay -- Health, Diseases, Tumors, Cancer

Platinum (Pt) analogues are now among the clinically used most efficacious metal-based drugs in the treatment of a variety of tumors/cancers including lung cancer (both non-small cell and small cell), head and neck cancer, bladder cancer, ovarian cancer, germ cell tumors and, to a lesser extent, breast cancer and gastric cancer [1,2]. However, here the drug action is less- / non-selective, and normal cells, in addition to transformed cells, are also affected, which leads to substantial dose-limiting acute and chronic toxicities [3, 4]. It is generally believed that non-Pt metal-based drugs offer potential to overcome these shortcomings [5]. Complexes of metals such as palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, copper and lanthanum, with aromatic N-containing ligands (pyridine, imidazole and 1,10-phenanthroline, and their derivatives), have shown promising cytotoxic properties in in vitro and in vivo models [6-10]. Among non-Pt compounds, copper complexes are potentially attractive as anticancer agents. Actually, since many years a lot of researches have actively investigated copper compounds b...

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Layman View of Osi Reference Model

Layman View of OSI Reference Model (By Diganta Deka, Former Student, Proprietor-Trainer East India Technologies, Guwahati. ), diganta. [email  protected] com When we talk about computer networks and how computers operate in networks, things do not remain as simple as it seems to be. Here numerous protocols work in tandem for the sake of data integrity during the course of data transfer. To make things worse there are a lot of vendors in the market who provide and produce great number of network hardware and push us to use them.Therefore to provide a solution and to make all these devices communicate in 1984, The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) developed the Open Systems Interconnections (OSI) reference model. Basically it described how information is transferred from one networking component to another, from the point when a user enters information using a mouse or a keyboard to when that information is converted to electrical or light signals transferred along a piece of wire or radio waves through the air and vice versa.So we can say, OSI reference model provides a foundation to use when you are considering what happens between the network components when they talk with each other. ISO developed a seven layer model which allowed vendors and network administrators to understand a stable data transfer and also provided guidelines for implementing new networking standards. Table-1 below briefly describes these layers, their associated services and protocols supported. Layer| Function| Service Description| | Application| The Application layer provides an interface between the communication software and any other application that needs to communicate outside the computer on which the application resides. This layer represents the services that directly support applications such as software for file transfers, database access, and electronic mail. | 6| Presentation| The Presentation layer translates data from the Application layer into an int ermediary format, such as ASCII text, EBCDIC text, binary, BCD, JPEG etc.This layer also provides services such as data encryption, and data compression. | 5| Session| The Session layer allows two applications on different computers to establish, use, and end a session. This includes the control and management of multiple bidirectional messages so that the application can be notified if only some of a series of messages are completed. This allows Presentation layer to have a seamless view of an incoming stream of data. | 4| Transport| The Transport layer defines the end-to-end transmission of data between nodes (e. . PCs), including flow control and error recognition and recovery. It also repackages long messages when necessary into smaller packets for transmission and, at the receiving end, rebuilds packets into the original message. | 3| Network| The Network layer provides routing, logical network addressing, path determination, media/framing translation, frame fragmentation, and congestion signaling/control. The routing concepts define how devices route or forward packets to their final destination.Logical addressing defines how each device can have an address that can be used by the routing process. Path determination refers to the work done by which all possible routes are learned, but the best route is chosen for use. | 2| Data Link| The Data Link layer packages raw bits from the Physical layer into frames (logical, structured packets). This layer specifies the device addressing, topology and media access, bit/byte synchronization, flow control, and error detection/recovery services associated with sending frames of data over a physical link. 1| Physical| The Physical layer specifies how bit streams are to be transmitted over a physical link in the network. This includes physical characteristics of transmission medium, including pins, use of pins, electrical, current, encoding, light modulation and the rules for how to activate and deactivate the use of the physical medium. | Table-1 Within the network, data traverses a network stack using a process called encapsulation. When an application requires communications resources, the message is handed over to the network stack’s application layer.There, the message is processed into a Protocol Data Unit (PDU). Application specific header information is wrapped around the data. The resultant PDU is then passed to the stack’s presentation layer, where additional header information is added. Each subsequent layer in the source system’s network stack adds service-specific header information to the PDU, until a fully formatted data frame is presented to the physical layer for transmission onto the communications medium.This encapsulation process is illustrated in Figure 1. Encapsulation Process Fig-1 The real data transfer process starts from the Transport Layer, where the data is segmented and hence the data is termed as segment in transport layer. When the segments rea ch the network layer each segment is broken into packets. As these packets are transferred to Data Link Layer each packet is again broken into frames and in Physical Layer the frames converts into Bits. When the bit stream reaches the destination system, the reverse occurs.Each layer in the destination system’s network stack analyzes and then strips its associated header information from the message. The resultant PDU is then passed to the next higher layer, until the original message is presented to the destination application. Typically, a communication layer does not process, or alter the PDU’s content as generated by an adjacent layer. Information exchange only occurs between peer OSI layers. The peer relationship between OSI layers is illustrated in Figure 2.Illustrated Peer Relationship between OSI Layers Bit Stream Frame Packet Segment Data Stream Data Stream Data Stream Bit Stream Frame Packet Segment Data Stream Data Stream Data Stream Figure-2 Till now we hav e been talking about the concept behind the OSI reference model, but if we do not discuss about the protocols (protocol is an agreed set of rules by which devices in a network or number of networks can successfully communicate with each other) and devices that work in each layer of the model then the discussion would remain incomplete.Table-2 and Table-3 respectively represent the devices and the protocols used in various layers in the OSI Reference Model. Devices and the Layers at Which They Function Layer| Name of the layer| Devices| 3| Network| Router, Layer3 Switch| 2| Data Link| Switch, Bridge and NIC| 1| Physical| Hub, Repeater| Table-2 Protocols and the Layers at Which They Function Name of the Layers| Protocols| Application| FTP, Telnet, NFS, HTTP, TFTP, DHCP, DNS, VoIP, SNMP, POP3, SMTP| Presentation| ASCII, HTML, JPEG| Session| SQL, RPC|Transport| TCP, UDP, SPX| Network| IP, X. 25, IPX, Q. 931| Data Link| HDLC, Ethernet, LLC, Frame Relay, ATM, Q. 921, FDDI| Physical| RS-23 2, V. 35, 10bT, RJ45, G. 703/G. 704| Table-3 In the field of networking there very few people who is not aware of OSI reference model and it is impossible to imagine the world of Information Technology without this model. Over the years we have come across so many network hardware, software or operating systems but everything is manufactured keeping OSI reference model as a benchmark.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Essay on poverty Essay

There are many reasons for pursing a higher education. A few persons revel in the intellectual excitement of academic exploration, others â€Å"consume† not only the knowledge that college provides but all the social dimensions associated with it—alcoholic stimulated parties, erotic adventures with new friends, athletic events and intramural sport participation, etc. But for most persons, a significant, maybe even the dominant reason, for going to college is that it supposedly will improve one’s prospect of acquiring a good job. In a sense, a college degree has long been considered a ticket to the middle class—an adult life with a good income and relatively high job security. From the standpoint of society, efforts to expand college graduation attainment rates have been justified by President Obama and major foundations (for example, Lumina and Gates) on a need to be competitive with other nations which have a larger proportion of adults with college degre es. This study argues that the conventional wisdom that going to college is a â€Å"human capital investment† with a high payoff is increasingly wrong. Evidence shows that currently more than one-third of college graduates hold jobs that governmental employment experts tell us require less than a college degree. That proportion of underemployed college graduates has tripled over the past four decades. In 1976, Harvard economics professor Richard Freeman wrote about The Over-Educated American—at a time when most college graduates, at the margin, entered professional, managerial and scientific positions traditionally considered jobs for college graduates. If we were â€Å"overeducated† at that point in time, what is the case today? Moreover, the push to increase enrollments has led to a majority of the increment of our stock of college graduates finding employment in relatively low skilled jobs, most of which are not particularly high paying (although there are excepti ons). We added roughly 20 million college graduates to the population between 1992 and 2008, for example, but the number of graduates holding jobs requiring less-than-college education skill sets rose during that same period by about 12 million; in other words, 60 percent of the total increase in graduates over the past two decades was underemployed. Anecdotally, most persons can see this is their everyday lives. For example, the senior author was startled a year ago when the  person he hired to cut down a tree had a master’s degree in history, the fellow who fixed his furnace was a mathematics graduate, and, more recently, a TSA airport inspector (whose job it was to insure that we took our shoes off while going through security) was a recent college graduate. Actually, these individuals are far more typical of many recent college graduates than is commonly supposed.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Economic Impact Of Mega Sports Tourism Essay Essay Example

Economic Impact Of Mega Sports Tourism Essay Essay Example Economic Impact Of Mega Sports Tourism Essay Essay Economic Impact Of Mega Sports Tourism Essay Essay The usage of athleticss markets to research inquiries of economic involvement has a long history as the bulk of this literature analyses US athleticss, notably American football, hoops, baseball, and ice hockey, whilst there is besides a considerable involvement in association football, the prima universe athletics ( For illustration, the 1998 European Short Course Swimming, 1999 European Show Jumping and the 2001 World Half Marathon Championships ) . Over the past two decennaries at that place has been increased competition among metropoliss, parts and states to host mega featuring events Therefore Government and other advocates of major featuring events normally seek to endorse up their claims of the event supplying an economic encouragement by commissioning an economic impact statement. For illustration, Economic Research Associates ( 1984 ) survey of the Los Angeles Olympics, Humphreys and Plummers ( 1992 ) survey of the Atlanta Olympics, and KPMG Peat Marwick s ( 1993 ) survey of the Sydney Olympics. A Hosting a athletics event has revealed a figure of benefits in our communities and of those benefits, some grounds like increasing community visibleness, positive psychic income, and heightening community image are all common and acceptable postulations.A Economic impact in featuring events can be defined as the net alteration in an economic system ensuing from a athletics event and the alteration is caused by activity affecting the acquisition, operation, development, and usage of athletics installations and services ( Lieber and Alton, 1983 ) which in bend generate visitants disbursement, public disbursement, employment chances, and revenue enhancement gross. In survey of economic impact Outgos can be categorized as direct, indirect, and induced effects. For illustration direct outgo is the investing needed to run into the increased demand of visitants for goods and services. Indirect effects are the ripple consequence of extra unit of ammunitions of re-circulating the initial wit nesss dollars. Induced effects are the addition in employment and household income that consequence from the economic activity fueled by the direct and indirect effects ( Dawson, Blahna, A ; Keith, 1993 ; Howard A ; Crompton, 1995 ) . A Sports Economicss possesses significant experience in economic consulting to the athleticss industry, with specific cognition of the economic impact of installations, events, and squads so sing the promotion and examination environing such surveies, it is imperative to choose a house that non merely has significant experience, but besides has a repute for systematically supplying an accurate appraisal of economic impact. A A There are following grounds to carry on economic impact surveies of athletics events and First, because many athletics events in our communities were financed by public revenue enhancement support, economic impact surveies continue to be an of import public dealingss tool for metropolis authorities. Second, there is uncertainty that featuring events may really assist develop a community in comparative to its economic system hence, accurate estimations should be proposed and the consequences should be reported to community members and Third, as athletics is non merely an amusement but an industry so the consequences of economic impact may be a basis to develop many related concerns in communities. Finally, positive or negative economic consequences of sport events may be an of import method to find communities bill of exchange budget for the approaching twelvemonth so as an illustration in July of 2001, Beijing was awarded the 2008 Summer Olympic Games so most people assume that such an event will convey tremendous economic benefits to the host metropolis non merely during the event, but for old ages subsequently. The graduated table of the organisation, installations and substructure required for such a immense project are such that the Games can non but have significant economic effects ( Sydney 2000 Games, p 2 ) but what precisely are these economic effects, and how do they impact the quality of life of local occupants? A The relevancy of surveies for illustration, such as these to the Beijing games depends in portion on the similarity of the economic conditions in China to old hosts so it seems logical that a less developed state will hold more to derive from long term growing chances. Matheson and Baade ( 2003 ) argue, nevertheless, that the chances of mega-sporting events are even worse for developing states and the chance costs of supplying province of the art installations are much higher and deficiency of modern substructure requires important extra investing. Literature Review on Economic Impact Studies Precursor The purpose of this literature reappraisal is to understand direct and indirect impact of major athleticss events on economic system and understand how major athleticss can open new dimension in economic system. This has been done through mentioning assorted diaries, articles and magazines ; besides a study has been carried out as portion of primary research to analyse impact of major athleticss event on Economy ; nevertheless proof of informations collected is capable to beginnings and prevalent conditions. Final stage of this survey on IPL screens analysis of part of IPL to Indian economic system, It analyze that how IPL has opened a new dimension for Indian economic system to turn and attracts domestic and foreign investors. This stage besides covers SWOT analysis of IPL, grounds critical to success of IPL and future in front. Statement of Purpose Previously many research surveies have contributed to understand economic impact of athletics and/or recreational events ; nevertheless most surveies are based upon the research workers personal perceptual experience and arguable methodological analysis. The intent of this survey was to reexamine old economic impact surveies and to build model for carry oning an economic impact survey. This full theoretical model has been tested by analysing a instance survey of economic Impact of mega athleticss events like Indian Premier League on Indian economic system. Literature Review To analyze Economic impact of athleticss is disputing subject in the field of direction Fieldss because gauging the economic impact of featuring events and do some constructive statement is really hard and subjective. Due to the subjective nature of societal scientific discipline, thoughts and methodological analysis vary from individual to individual for carry oning economic impact surveies. The chief barrier behind carry oning societal scientific discipline research is based on the degree of fight and belief in apprehension of the stuff. and besides societal objects are hidden behind a screen of pre-constructed discourses which present the worst barrier to scientific probe, and infinite sociologists believe they are speaking about the object of survey when they are simply relaying the discourse which, in athletics as elsewhere, the object produces about itself, whether through its functionaries, protagonists or journalists ( Bourdieu, 1999 ) . Therefore, building of truly scientifi c objects implies a interruption with common representations, which can notably be effected by taking these pre-notions as the object of survey so this study examines the wider benefits that move beyond the economic impact and suggestions the acceptance of the balanced scorecard attack to event rating. This amalgamate piece of research physiques on the original Measuring Success in 1999 which was based on the premiss that major athleticss events have the possible to accomplish important economic impacts for the host town, metropolis or country but economic impact is now one of the parametric quantities upon which an event s success is measured.A States, who host the mega athleticss event, should do a roadmap for important investings in athleticss locales and other substructure. It is by and large assumed that the graduated table of such event and roadmap of the readying for it will make big and long permanent economic benefits to the host state. This would ensue in immense economic benefits that would hold important economic impact. However unluckily these surveies are constructed around misapplications of economic theoretical model that virtually guarantee their projections will be big. Ex-post surveies have systematically showed no grounds of positive economic impacts from mega-sporting events even remotely nearing the estimations in economic impact surveies. For illustration, in the 2008 Summer Olympic Games in Beijing, China have put up immense investings in substructure and installation diversion to a new degree. The chance for long term economic benefits from the mega athleticss event like Beijing, critically depend on how good mega athleticss events related investings in locales and substructure can be incorporated into the overall economic system in the old ages following the Games In current scenario economic impact surveies have become standard operating process for protagonists of public support for athleticss events. It has led to acceptance of their findings by the authorities and public due to their prevalence with no critical rating. Due to the immense investing involve in such high profile mega athleticss events, big and positive Economic effects are taken as given ; the surveies confirm what is already believed. The promise of worldwide exposure and economic addition has made hosting these major and on a regular basis scheduled featuring personal businesss a moneymaking end for draw a bead oning metropoliss around the universe ( Short 2000, p. 320 ) . Hosting a mega athletics event like Olympic, has exhibited a figure of big and long permanent benefits in our communities like heightening community image, increasing community visibleness and positive psychic income are all common and acceptable predications. However, athletics is non merely limited to an amusement, besides it act as full fledge industry, the consequences of economic impact may be a basis to develop many related concerns in communities. Positive or negative economic consequences of sport events may be a critical factor to find communities bill of exchange budget for the approaching twelvemonth. Mega-events such as the Olympic Games necessitate big amounts of public money to be spent on locales and substructure betterments. Economic impact surveies are frequently commissioned In order to warrant the usage of big amount of public money towards constantly big influxs of money that will hold a long-run positive consequence on the economic system by such agencies as occupation creative activity and visitant disbursement. Scale of the mega athleticss event which attract big sums of money from outside a local economic system, are forecasted to hold economic impacts in the one million millions of dollars The simple elegance of economic impact surveies, injections of money circulating over and over in an economic system to make a multiplier consequence, has an tempting something for-nothing quality that is difficult to rebut. However to warrant a counter statement can be hard due to legion errors made in economic impact surveies. Critics have focused on legion subjective countries like: 1 ) utilizing multipliers that are excessively big, 2 ) treating costs as benefits, 3 ) ignoring chance costs and 4 ) utilizing gross disbursement alternatively of net alterations. In hosting mega athleticss event the major portion of investing required on building bowls, which to a big grade is spent on engaging building workers and buying stuffs from local providers, is counted as a benefit to the local economic system.

Monday, October 21, 2019

Un viaje en micro Essay Example

Un viaje en micro Essay Example Un viaje en micro Essay Un viaje en micro Essay En el viaje de casa al colegio una và ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ muchas cosas. Personas vestidas extravagantemente, parejas peleando, nenes llorando y sus madres retà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ndolos. Luego de tantos aà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½os viajando en micro, me volvà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ muy observadora, teniendo la extraà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a habilidad de notar cosas que la mayorà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a no nota. El no hablar mucho con los demà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s pasajeros tambià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n ayuda a que mi habilidad se fortalezca. Solo suelo charlar con dos viejas conocidas y saludar a quienes me saludan.Este dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a habà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a comenzado normal, desayunà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, saludà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ a mamà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ y me dirigà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ a la vereda a esperar el micro llegar. Subà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ y salude al conductor. Me siento y miro por la ventana. Al rato, mi vieja amiga Ailà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n sube al colectivo y se sienta a mi lado, comenzamos a charlar del examen que tendrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½amos en la primera hora. Sacamos nuestros apuntes y juntas, repasamos un poco.Al llegar a unas cuadras del colegio, veo un auto y un camià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n dirigirse hacia donde nosotros nos encontrabamos, sin detenerse en absoluto. Tratà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ de bajarme del micro, para irme caminando, viendo venir el peligro. Sentà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a los nervios y la adrenalina correr por mi interior. Esperà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ y esperà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, hasta que lo siento.El impacto sucedià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, y lentamente pierdo el conocimiento.Despierto de golpe, para verme ilesa, al igual que los demà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s arriba del micro. Observà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ que todos estaban dormidos, y asusatada, despierto a Ailà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n, sacudiendola. Ella habà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a sentido lo mismo que yo, y sin prestar atencià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n al resto, bajamos del colectivo, dirigiendonos al colegio.Cuando llegamos a la cuadra siguiente, descubrimos que estaba cortada. Al acercarme para ver si los peatones podà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½an pasar, siento una brisa frà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a; me doy vuelta y Ailà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n habà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a desaparecido como reguero de pà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½lvora. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Como pudo dejarme sola acà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½?!Sigo mi camino y encuentro una bibicleta cerca de un kiosco. Le pregunto al hombre que atendà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a si alguien la habia dejado allà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, porque yo necesitaba llegar a la escuela; à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½l me respondià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ que hace dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½as que estaba ahi y nadie venà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a por ella. La agarrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ y pude llegar. Veo al micro estacionado afuera de la escuela y suspiro, aà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n despues de tantos aà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½os, el conduncor tiene sus aà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½os y sigue olvidà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ndose de mà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. Oigo el barullo de los alumnos adentro y le pido al portero que me habra el portà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½l me sonrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½e y me abre la puerta. Yo sigo mi camino, pero cuando entro no veo a nadie.Me sorprendià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, ya que habà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a podido escuchar a todos los alumnos hacer ruido, mucho ruido. Sin embargo, no veà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a a nadie en el salà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de actos. Sospechando que algo malo estubiera pasando, subo las escaleras y asomo la cabeza por la ventanita de la sala de profesores. Nada.Me asomo para ver si habà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a algà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n preceptor. Nadie.Ya asustada, bajo las escaleras y salgo al patio, esperando encontrar alguna hermana allà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ afuera. No se veà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a nada. Corro hasta la capilla y entro; no habà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a nadie allà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. Entro a la casa de las hermanas y me fijo si habia alguien. Nadie se encontraba allà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ tampoco.Salgo al patio de la capilla y tiro la mochila al suelo. Podà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a escuchar claramente las familiares voces de mis compaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½eros en el salà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n de actos, asi que sali corriendo y entrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ de un golpe por la puerta trasera. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Acaso alguien me estaba jugando una broma? Pues entonces no era muy divertida.Me siento en las escaleras del esenario y me sostengo la cabeza con las manos. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Que estaba ocurriendo c onmigo? Me levanto y me dirijo al centro del esenario, no se porquà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. Las voces de los alumnos me rodeaban; eran miles y miles de voces que me estaban volviendo loca. Me agarro la cabeza y caigo de rodillas, gritando.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Que sucede? Me despierto sobresaltada para encontrame acostada y viendo un lugar blanco y verde. Giro mi cabeza hacia el costado y veo a mi mamà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ sentada en una silla, dormida. Cuando quiero hablarle, no puedo formar palabra alguna. Miro mi brazo y veo un suero conectado a à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½l. Descubro que llevaba puesto un respirador en la nariz, como el de las peliculas.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Que habà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a pasado realmente?

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Are Young People More Materialistic In Modern Society Philosophy Essay

Are Young People More Materialistic In Modern Society Philosophy Essay Materialism, in philosophy, a widely held system of thought that explains the nature of the world as entirely dependent on matter, the fundamental and final reality beyond which nothing need be sought. Certain periods in history, usually those associated with scientific advance, are marked by strong materialistic tendencies. The doctrine was formulated as early as the 4th cent. B.C. by Democritus, in whose system of atomism all phenomena are explained by atoms and their motions in space. Other early Greek teaching, such as that of Epicurus and Stoicism, also conceived of reality as material in its nature. The theory was later renewed in the 17th cent. by Pierre Gassendi and Thomas Hobbes, who believed that the sphere of consciousness essentially belongs to the corporeal world, or the senses. The investigations of John Locke were adapted to materialist positions by David Hartley and Joseph Priestley. They were a part of the materialist development of the 18th cent., strongly manifest ed in France, where the most extreme thought was that of Julien de La Mettrie. The culminating expression of materialist thought in this period was the Systà ¨me de la nature (1770), for which Baron d’Holbach is considered chiefly responsible. A reaction against materialism was felt in the later years of the 18th cent., but the middle of the 19th cent. brought a new movement, largely psychological in interpretation. Two of the modern developments of materialism are dialectical materialism and physicalism, a position formulated by some members of the Logical Positivist movement. Closely related to materialism in origin are naturalism and sensualist. Materialism is sometimes allied with the methodological principle of reductionism, according to which the objects or phenomena individuated at one level of description, if they are genuine, must be explicable in terms of the objects or phenomena at some other level of description — typically, a more general level than the r educed one. Non-reductive materialism explicitly rejects this notion, however, taking the material constitution of all particulars to be consistent with the existence of real objects, properties, or phenomena not explicable in the terms canonically used for the basic material constituents. Jerry Fodor influentially argues this view, according to which empirical laws and explanations in â€Å"special sciences† like psychology or geology are invisible from the perspective of, say, basic physics. A vigorous literature has grown up around the relation between these views. â€Å"Materialism† has also frequently been understood to designate an entire scientific, â€Å"rationalistic† world view, particularly by religious thinkers opposed to it and also by Marxists. It typically contrasts with dualism, phenomenalism, idealism, and vitalism. For Marxism, materialism is central to the â€Å"materialist conception of history†, which centers on the empirical world of actual human activity (practice, including labor) and institutions created, reproduced, or destroyed by that activity. In today’s society, materialism takes part in every person’s life, no matter what social class they are. The idea of being materialistic can be considered immoral, but there is a fine line between morality and personal interests. It is safe to say that everybody is materialistic to a certain extent, whether it be from buying the same brand of jeans because they fit nice, to purchasing a wide variety of hot rods. It is obvious that the latter of the two is the one which can be considered to cross the line. Buying some nice clothes here and there is normal for people and everybody does it once in a while. While on the other hand, buying 5 or 6 sports cars can be considered somewhat pretentious.

Friday, October 18, 2019

Supply Chain Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Supply Chain Management - Essay Example -21 Security Limited with a view to recommending changes to supply chain strategies to resolve current problems. It will begin with an evaluation of the environment and the potential impact of this on the business, then present an analysis of the current supply chain, identifying problems requiring resolution in both the immediate and longer term. The problems will then be assessed against the key challenges facing the business to determine what direction the business needs to take to avoid future problems as well as resolve existing ones. Following a brief conclusion, a series of recommendations will be made relating to the supply chain that will reduce and/or remove the current problems and put the business in a better position to deal with the future. Environmental Analysis Worthington and Britton (2009, p.6) define the macro environment as â€Å"those ... factors ...which affect a wide variety of businesses and which can emanate not only from local and national sources but also from international and supranational developments†. Johnson et al (2011, p.50) identify the PESTEL framework as a means of analysing the environment. Following corporate scandals and the global 2007-2008 economic crisis, several commentators have added ethics to the analytical list. This approach will be used to analyse the macro-environment of Q-So!-21. The STEEPLE framework considers the Socio-cultural, Technological, Economic, Environmental, Political, Legal and Ethical factors that affect business and over which business has no control. Figure 1: Macro Environmental Analysis This brief analysis provides an indication of some key factors that will affect Q-So!-21. Many of them stem from the current UK (and world) economic situation. With the focus on austerity, the most recent figures indicate the UK either did not grow or contracted last quarter (Wintour 2011). As the government have stated their intention to continue with current economic policies, there is the real possi bility of another UK recession, with very little available for industry and individuals to cut, as most cuts were made following the 2007-2008 global economic crisis. As such, many businesses may find a second recession occurring so soon after the last one, with a higher tax burden this time (increases in VAT and both income tax and national insurance) results in their ceasing trading, exacerbating the effects of the cuts being made and intensifying the impact of the recession. Even without recession, the higher tax burden and public sector cuts being made are likely to cause many businesses to cease trading, either voluntarily or through insolvency. The market for all goods and services will become increasingly tight, with both business and personal consumers keeping purchases to the absolute essentials as everyone focuses on keeping their heads above water. The Bank of England may be forced to raise interest rates, which have been at an historically low 0.5% for some time, allowin g both businesses and individuals to mitigate to a certain extent, the lack of price/wage rises (although the Consumer Price Index (CPI) is well above the 2% target set by the government). The impact of any rise will depend on the amount of the rise. If rates rise to, say, 1.5%, then it is likely most people will be able to adjust their outgoings to compensate.

Contrasts on the Topic of Eros Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Contrasts on the Topic of Eros - Essay Example In a discussion of eros through the insights of Socrates and Phaedrus, the nature of the quest and the object of those desires are discovered in relationship to the framework of Plato. Within the speech that Socrates made in Phaedrus, he defined the meaning of the term eros as â€Å"a certain desire† (Rhodes 3). In this, it is suggested that the desire is without hesitation, a feeling in which the individual is driven towards the object of the desire without deviation. The desire is certain, it is clear with purpose of connectivity, both physical and mental. However, in the second speech, he begins to call it a yearning, which suggests that it is a pull towards something, a feeling based on the envy of want and without that same certainty that he has suggested in his first description. Eros, through its certainty or its capacity of yearning, is manifested in passion. If desire is the look towards fulfillment, then passion is the fulfillment of that anticipatory event of desire . The nature of eros, as it is associated with the god from whom it was given its context, eros is a potential that was placed within the human frame of emotions. It is the potential of developing feelings for others, the potential for the experience of connection. The placing of eros within the human framework was the work of the god Eros, but he use of it was left to the discretion of the individual. Therefore, an important part of the concept of eros is that it is potential, a intent that is defined by its affect on what will be, rather than what is (Phillips 21). Socrates describes the nature of the god Eros as the child of Poverty and Plenty, a descendent of extremes, and born with wisdom and a love of beauty. However, human beings do not have the innate benefit of wisdom, therefore it is the seeking of the object of desire that the gift of Eros exists. As a human being, love is not given automatically, but is the eventual outcome of the pursuit of love (Phillips 21). This also places eros as an intention, an outcome that is the event of hope in which within that hope is placed a pursuit that will end in love. It is the quest that each human being attends towards finding a way to be consumed in the human experience of extension into partnership with another human being, which then spreads to interconnections of family and procreation of life. Socrates also connects eros to the love of wisdom. Phillips quotes Socrates for having said â€Å"wisdom is a most beautiful thing, and love is of the beautiful† (21). Phillips states â€Å"The most beautiful thing one can love, according to Socrates, is wisdom. We demonstrate this most beautiful love in our striving to become wise† (21). This leads to the quest for the human excellence in the form of arete. While some definitions of arete are centered on the notion of being an expert and highly skilled in a vocation, it can also define attaining a level of excellence as a human being (Dominik 206). The refore, eros can be seen outside of the realm of the erotic, as a pursuit of wisdom and within the pursuit of the nature of the self. However, eros more often involves an object of the pursuit, as eros is the quest, the object is the target of that quest. Once again, the definition of the object becomes the subject of concern. It would be considered most obvious to place the concept of the object on a person

Casino Industry Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Casino Industry - Article Example The letters-to-the-editor column may support this with expressions of disappointments by long-time Las Vegas visitors about their business losing importance to gamers.The bad economy may lead to new international jurisdictions, Mr. Loveman opined. To care for an established customer rather than to attract a new one is also one less expensive option. Mr. T.J. Matthews, International Game Technology Chairman and CEO, said that adapting new slot technology is a resultant option for his company after the failure of several casino projects. From firs-time reading of this article, it seems that the author has written it very hurriedly. The language is poor and with loaded sentences and word use. Though clear, the author's viewpoint remains obscure due to the poor quality of language. For instances, he write - "The faster it adapts to the new economic climate -- and the end of "who cares" easy credit -- the better" and "Looser credit in Bucharest We'll see." The text is full of rhetoric devices; and he has used much material spoken by other people, mainly Mr. Loveman. This is apparent with the word uses of "drunken sailors", "arms race"; along with his own word use like "state of the Industry" and "grass is greener." The use of quotations is widely seen, sometimes mixed with own style; Mr. Loveman and Mr. Matthew have been quoted largely. The overall strength of argument is not powerful. There are evidences of obstacles to critical thinking. The author talks about the emergence of new international jurisdiction opposed to the traditional values through the idiom "grass is greener." Sometimes, the use of taunting language is observed; for example "Old values -- including the avoidance of crippling debt loads -- now reassert themselves." The structure of the article is very weak with an abrupt conclusion with "Imagine that." Despite being in accordance with ideas of the quoted people, the central evidentiary claims by the authors seem imaginary. The thinking about new international jurisdiction seems plausible, and is, maybe, away from central reasoning of Mr. Loveman and Mr. Matthew. Part III: Another reason to worry and one more area detected by the current ongoing global economic crisis - the casino industry is on the target with the people worrying about its current status with future scenario. The world's largest casino company Harrah's EntertainmentInc. has come forward with the fact, stated by theChairman and CEO, Mr.Loveman, thatit is the "overindulgence" in money spending. Other executives of the top casino companies do seem agreeing with Mr. Loveman when they say this business is not goingto remain in a same manner for coming years; because casino owners are shifting the focus to other available properties. This is a natural human tendency needing no explanation. He opined that the industry requires a kind of acceptance to the notion that every project is not a good project keeping in mind a money figure such as $1 billion. As per him the competitors and other businesses along with Harrah's need to change the work style especially considering the financial matters with future professional perspective. He described the competition among the professionals as very tough which might have to deescalate. For financial matters he thinks about a significant change

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Business incubation programs in Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

Business incubation programs in - Essay Example The research methods details the two phases of the proposed research, the research design that will be followed, its rationale, and also identifies the research paradigm. The section on research instruments gives even greater details of precisely how the two instruments will be used and also their justification for doing so. In the literature review, the writer reviews what business incubators are, their types and development, the need for them and their effectiveness. The section on incubators in Saudi Arabia then focuses on existing and planned incubators and technology parks in the kingdom, a briefing of their history, and discusses what potential they have. A more detailed example is given of the BADIR-ICT programme for technology incubation. The situation in Saudi Arabia is then contrasted with other programmes worldwide, and similarities are drawn with those that are regionally closer in terms of the challenges posed to incubators in developing countries. The following section then overviews some of the best practices so as to identify them. Finally, the section on wider perspective refocuses on the government side of business incubation programmes, and puts these in the context of the overall system in which they operate. The process of business incubation is a dynamic one for the purpose of developing business enterprises, and to make them financially viable for when they have to leave, usually within two or three years. Incubators nurture new firms by helping them to survive and develop during their start-up period because it is during this time that they are most vulnerable and can therefore take advantage of assistance given to them. This could be in the form of managerial, administrative, financial or legal assistance for example, and in the case of technology based incubators in particular, in the form of technological assistance. The types of facilities offered in incubators usually include shared offices, equipment, etc. The leases are also

Performance Appraisal Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Performance Appraisal Paper - Essay Example The thesis statement of the current reflective paper is to evaluate how the various aspects of human resource management and planning work together to perform that primary function. The contemporary issues in human resource planning and development are very much different from what it used to be two or three decades back. With so many firms entering the global market, the major objective of HR is the management of cultural diversity as well as ethics of various nations where the firm is seeking business. With the advent of new technology too, new issues have arsed in the field of HR planning. For instance, information needs to be communicated within a nation or within an organisation. Apart from this, workplace diversity continues to be a major concern for HR managers. In this arena, the primary function of managers is to ensure that no discrimination is done in promoting, hiring or termination procedures and practices (Brewster, et al., 1996). However, each of these challenges are also opportunities for improving the overall monitoring of performance, safety and health issues as well as turnover management. Globalization has seen a tremendous growth with technological advances. As the cost effectiveness of business is increasing, more and more companies are going global. Thus, new roles of seeing international employees have been added to HR management. The HR managers are realizing that with different religions, races and cultures, work motivation is also changing. As a result, the overall hiring and recruitment process has seen a dramatic change. Today, hiring process does not confide to a person’s functional capabilities but also his/her capability to work in a diverse environment. With the equal Opportunity (EEO) as well as affirmative action plan, the firing and hiring policy has become more controlled as

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Whose Church Is the True Church Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Whose Church Is the True Church - Essay Example The process involves getting to know the area in which the church is to be situated. Understanding of how the gospel is understood is also very important in the establishment of the church. To start a church, understanding from both the beginners of the church, and the people it is meant for is very important (Elaine 30). Getting people to understand what the mission is the next step that would help the group in the formation of the church. In getting to know the certain aspects that come with the starting of a new church, the mission is to know who the church is being started for. It should also identify its main goals and objectives if it wants to excel in the quest to spread the word. The church could be for either two groups of people. These are the de-churched or the non-churched. The de-churched were once church goers but do not attend church anymore. However, the non-churched simply refer to those that do not want to attend for one reason or the other (Elaine 34). The beginners of these churches have to know the cultural diversity of the people they intend to spread the gospel to. They could be ethnic, class driven, the lifestyle they led, and the deaf or even non-ethnic diversification. Getting to know this is very essential in the beginning of the church (Elaine 36). The author goes on to claim that building the church for only one group of people is not right. The author states the argument the God, the Supreme Being, is the creator of all beings and; therefore, nobody has the right to take that away. Building churches while under the understanding that the word travels faster if the group of people from the same common ground is wrong. The main aim the author is trying to put across is the diverse choices that should be available. Beginners of churches should consider the creation of a diverse church society. This is going to increase the options for everyone rather than just one group of people. In addition, they should consider the

Performance Appraisal Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Performance Appraisal Paper - Essay Example The thesis statement of the current reflective paper is to evaluate how the various aspects of human resource management and planning work together to perform that primary function. The contemporary issues in human resource planning and development are very much different from what it used to be two or three decades back. With so many firms entering the global market, the major objective of HR is the management of cultural diversity as well as ethics of various nations where the firm is seeking business. With the advent of new technology too, new issues have arsed in the field of HR planning. For instance, information needs to be communicated within a nation or within an organisation. Apart from this, workplace diversity continues to be a major concern for HR managers. In this arena, the primary function of managers is to ensure that no discrimination is done in promoting, hiring or termination procedures and practices (Brewster, et al., 1996). However, each of these challenges are also opportunities for improving the overall monitoring of performance, safety and health issues as well as turnover management. Globalization has seen a tremendous growth with technological advances. As the cost effectiveness of business is increasing, more and more companies are going global. Thus, new roles of seeing international employees have been added to HR management. The HR managers are realizing that with different religions, races and cultures, work motivation is also changing. As a result, the overall hiring and recruitment process has seen a dramatic change. Today, hiring process does not confide to a person’s functional capabilities but also his/her capability to work in a diverse environment. With the equal Opportunity (EEO) as well as affirmative action plan, the firing and hiring policy has become more controlled as

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Teaching Plan Essay Example for Free

Teaching Plan Essay Maria is a 23-year-old female on disability pension. She left school since she was 12 years old and currently staying with her grandmother in Dromana. She has a long history of Borderline Personality Disorder with a self-harming behaviour and been experiencing chronic suicidal thoughts which often occur spontaneously with clearly definable triggers. These thoughts can be managed effectively well by the use of distraction/relaxation techniques, however, her level of distress can quickly escalate to an acute crisis situation whereby Maria becomes overwhelmed by the desire to end her life and emotional pain. Maria will then attempt to self-lacerate to reduce her distress or overdose on over the counter or prescribed medication. One of the crisis plans that would prevent her from inflicting harm to self is by encouraging her to call a clinician or duty worker during business hours or call the Triage after business hours for phone coaching to de-escalate her current acute emotional state. As Maria is learning to move from her emotional mind to a ‘wise’ mind, we are encouraging her to try to balance these better. Maria understands that her emotional mind and wise mind are often unbalanced, which usually makes her emotions take hold which then often escalate, leading to self-harm behaviour. [Source: Out-Patient Record, Peninsula Community Health Service (2010)] Introduction Patient teaching plans are tools developed by nurses in facilitating a systematic and evaluative way used in communicating to their patients regarding a particular treatment or practice. According to Bastable (2008, p. 07), a teaching plan is a â€Å"blueprint for action to achieve the goal and the objectives that have been agreed upon by the educator and the learner. † In this context, the nurse is the educator while the patient is the learner where a teaching and learning activity will occur for a specific treatment of therapy will occur. Bastable (2008) further explained that patient teaching plans should have a â€Å"purpose, content, methods and tools, timing, and evaluation of instruction. † The purpose, content, methods and tools, timing and evaluation of instruction should be in line with the objectives nd goals of a teaching plan. In order to have a more comprehensive and effective teaching plan, there is a need to identify concisely the elements of an ideal education process (Bastable 2008). By using a case study of a patient with a Borderline Personality Disorder, this essay will explain the importance of a patient teaching plan. It will further discuss the underlying principles and practice in the development, implementation and evaluation of a teaching plan based on the case study cited. It will also discuss the underlying processes in the development of the patient teaching and learning plan. It will then discuss the issues that will occur in the implementation of the patient action plan. Finally, it will give an analysis of the impact of the teaching plan to the patient. Importance of Patient Teaching Plan to Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) patients have the tendency of â€Å"exercising aggression, self-mutilation, impulsive behavioural dyscontrol, or self-damaging behaviour† (Latalova Prasko, 2010 p. 239). Thus, there are chances that BPD patients have the behaviour to harm themselves like slashing, being violent to other people and they can also be impulsive. According to a letter written to the editor published in the Journal Academy of American Physicians Assistants (JAAP, 2000) by Roxane Head, the patients that have BPD â€Å"may experience simultaneous conflicting thoughts, images and emotions. † Hence, these conflicting thoughts, emotions and images could trigger higher level of suicidal tendencies. Incidence of BPD cases are brought about and associated to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) which establishes the link that causes mood instability as a result of prior â€Å"parental abuse or neglect. (JAAPA, 2000) In this context, parental abuse can be attributed from childhood experience which can either be â€Å"physical or sexual. † (JAAPA, 2000) Based on the case study presented above, Maria has experienced sexual abuse from her step-grandfather. It has also been stated that she has the tendency to do self-harm and over-dosing herself with medications. Based on the symptoms of BPD, there is a need for an immediate treatment and intervention when a mental crisis occurs. However, some BPD patients are not confined in hospitals or treatment facilities but are in their homes and are away from the management of clinicians and therapists. The introduction of Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) is a kind of treatment program for BPD patients that focus on the â€Å"teaching of behavioural skills in helping and facilitating individuals in replacing maladaptive behaviours with skillful behaviours. †(Neacsiu, Rizvi, Linehan, 2010) Phone coaching or therapy is one of the common DBT methods that are being used in treating BPD patients. Thus, there is a need for nurses and other medical practitioners to educate BPD patients on how to contact and communicate to clinicians and phone therapists. Hence, an effective teaching plan is needed to be designed and implemented which is tailor-made for BPD patients using some learning theories. Principles and Practices Development and Implementation of Teaching and Learning Plans Patient teaching and learning plans are aimed to assist nurses and other health educators in formulating a comprehensive of plan of teaching activities that for a certain type of patient, just like BPD (Falvo, 2010). Since BPD patients are known to have irregular emotions, DBT treatments such as phone coaching or therapies target emotion dysregulation and its after-effects by enhancing motivation and teaching skills aimed at areas of deficit (Vitaliano, Lynch Linehan 2010). Thus, in developing a teaching plan for BPD patients, it would be helpful to use specific learning theories that explains and targets the emotions and behaviours of individuals. One of the learning theories that could be applied in formulating a teaching plan is the Cognitive Learning Theory. According to Ziegler (2005, p. 60) Cognitive Learning Theory focuses on â€Å"cognitive restructuring† process of the mental state of the learner. Thus, it is beyond duplicating certain behaviour but rather it is more on storing and remembering some information in the learner’s mind. Emerson (2007, p. 19) suggested that the learning process using the cognitive learning theory would entail some cognitive steps in a progressive manner in â€Å"acquiring, processing, and structuring† information which makes the learning to be involved or â€Å"active† in the learning process. Hence, in formulating a teaching plan it is also essential to make the learner or the patient as the centre of the learning process. Nurses who are geared toward educating their patients or clients must initially focus and assess their patient’s behaviour as well as their mental and physical capacity (Sarman, Daugherty Riegel, 2000). Sarman, Daugherty Riegel (2000) further explained that it is important to consider the patient’s â€Å"physical condition, medications, culture, and psychosocial attributes but not always dependent on whether the patient perceives the need for change and is motivated to do so. Hence, the patient’s behaviour, especially with current mental illness or disorders should not be considered as a hindrance in patient teaching, but it is also part of a nurse’s â€Å"professional responsibility† to initiate a process in â€Å"teaching, motivating, providing resources to support in maintaining and sustaining the change† (Sarman, Daugherty Riegel, 2000). In Maria’s case, it is helpful to consider the Cognitive Learning Theory in formulating a teaching technique for phone coaching. According to Binks, Fenton, McCarthy, Lee, Adams Duggan, 2009) the initial step in teaching, is to help the client establish a link between their thoughts, feelings, emotions, actions to target a patient’s symptoms. † In Maria’s case, she has the tendency to harm herself when a crisis arises. Further, it is also essential to teach the client to â€Å"monitor his or her own thoughts, feelings and behaviours and also providing alternative ways of coping with regards to the specific symptoms of her current illness,† which is BPD (Binks, et. al 2009). In this step, it is essential to help Maria identify the level of feeling or emotion that she is currently experiencing or feeling at a specific attack. As part of the cognitive learning process, the use of visual aids such as mood charts and graphs would be helpful for the learner in acquiring, processing and structuring and applying it. According to Mountain (2008, p. 105), mood charts can help in understanding the â€Å"intensity of emotions, anxiety, emotions and the patient’s symptoms. † Mountain (2008, p. 105) further explained that mood chart will help in the learner to be â€Å"more aware on the moods and how they change. Thus, in the case study being cited, it will use a mood ring chart that classifies different emotions and level of anxiety with a corresponding colour. The mood ring chart would facilitate in Maria’s learning process as it would facilitate her in communicating to the phone coach therapist the level of emotion or anxiety she currently experiencing. The mood chart would be very helpful in Maria’s case since she will be seeking treatment from a phone therapist who would help her manage the crisis attack by either distraction or relaxation techniques, which would cause a change of her emotion or mood. Another teaching style that will be used is by demonstration. This teaching technique can be implemented and used in the case study since there is a need for the nurse-educator to teach the patient how to use the phone in contacting the phone therapist or clinician. In Maria’s case, it is very important that the nurse-educator should teach the patient a step-step process by demonstrating and giving instructions on where to locate a phone, who and what number to call, how to use the phone and how she will communicate to the phone therapist or clinician. In this way, the Maria will learn to use the phone with much confidence because the inability to use the phone and other technologies could hinder the success and effectiveness of the treatment. Evaluation of Te aching and Learning Plans In the development of a teaching in a patient education process, it is essential to consider the importance of evaluation. Bastable (2008, p. 558) argued that evaluation is defined as â€Å"a systematic process by which the worth or value of something-in this case, teaching-and learning- is judged. In this context, evaluation is a process in measuring the effectiveness of the development and implementation of patient teaching plans. The significance of the evaluation process is a critical aspect in the nurse teaching process and decision making since it would create an impact in its outcome and to future development and implementation of further patient teaching plans (Bastable, 2008). Hence, it is important to measure the effectiveness of the outcome of the teaching process to determine which aspects of the teaching plan needs to be improved and corrected as well as for the benefit of future teaching plans. In evaluating the teaching plan developed for Maria, it is essential to determine of what guidelines and methods to use in its evaluation. As the teaching plan has been developed for Maria which was patterned from Bastable (2008), the purpose, goal and objectives were clearly defined as well as its methods of instruction, resources needed and the methods of how it would be evaluated. To evaluate the teaching plan for Maria, it is essential to focus on the objectives set and its content outline which could be verifiable by the methods of evaluation being set. The first objective in the teaching plan is to help er recognize if she’s depressed or needs therapy, this can be recognized by post-testing. The second and third objective is to help her locate phone numbers of clinicians as well as how to use the phone to communicate with a clinician, this can be evaluated a return-demonstration by Maria after the nurse-educator teaches her how to perform these processes. The fourth and fifth objectives is to teach Maria how to distinguish the type of mood she is experiencing and associate it with the corresponding colour based on the mood chart and these processes can be evaluated by post-testing. The last objective is to teach Maria to listen and comprehend what the phone therapist is advising while is undergoing phone coaching and this could be evaluated through question and answer with the nurse-educator. Possible Issues that Might Occur in the Implementation of the Patient Teaching Plan In the implementation of patient teaching plans, there is a tendency that there is a difficulty in motivating patients to learn what have been taught in the patient teaching plans. There is also a possibility that the patient will not follow the skills and steps being taught. In the case of Maria, there will be a tendency that she will not listen of what the nurse-educator will be teaching her, like by recognizing her level of emotions. There also might be a possibility that she will insist a certain level of emotion which in reality is not real emotion that she is experiencing which would cause a contradicting intervention or treatment from the phone therapist. Impact of Teaching Plans to the Patient The evaluation on the implementation of patient teaching plans is not the ultimate indicator that the teaching plan for a certain patient is successful. However, Falvo (2010) argued that a teaching plan can be deliberately considered successful when a patient like Maria can be able to manage her crisis attacks even without the help of phone coaching therapists. By using the case study, Maria will be able to perform the prescribed distraction or relaxation techniques when she is experiencing depression or anxiety attacks. Conclusion The development of teaching and learning plans is a very important step in the treatment of mental disorder patients. It is vital that these teaching and learning plans should be meticulously developed in a way that would suit to specific individual needs, especially to patients with serious mental disorders like Maria who is suffering from Borderline Personality Disorder. The development of patient teaching plans should be carefully planned and could be flexibly adjust depending on the circumstance that could possibly occur during its implementation. Lastly, careful monitoring and evaluation in the implementation of teaching plans is very important in the learning processes to identify positive results to be maintained and at the same time improve areas that needs to be addressed.

Monday, October 14, 2019

Strategic And Coherent Approach To Management Commerce Essay

Strategic And Coherent Approach To Management Commerce Essay Human Resource Management is defined as a strategic and coherent approach to the management of an organisations most valued assets the people working there who individually and collectively contribute to the achievement of its objectives. (Armstrong, 2006) Businesses of the 21st century call upon the HR to play a greater role in achieving their objectives. HR is an indispensible tool in the successful working of any organisation and it is essential to incorporate HRM strategies in the planning of the organisation to attain its goals and objectives. Organisations now have to deal with a fast changing environment to which they need to respond quickly and innovatively while being constantly faced with a greater amount of risk than ever before. They are constantly searching for and implementing various survival strategies in this highly competitive and dynamic business world. In order to maintain a sustained effort for betterment, organisations now need to recruit people, who can find creative and intelligent solutions. Thus, the employment of an effective HR strategy that develops the organisations people is essential to facilitate the necessary changes within the business. Role of HRM: Any organisation needs to set goals for itself and strategize how these goals are to be achieved and then structure itself by deciding whom to allot this responsibility. The responsibilities of the HRM or the functions carried out by them within the organisation can be enlisted as follows: HR Planning: It is the practice by which the HRM reviews the supply of employees. They review whether the firm requires to recruit further or to reduce the number of employees depending upon the status of the firm. Job Analysis: This is the process by which the HR examines detailed information about jobs. Every available job in the firm and advertises for recruitment purposes accordingly, so as to attract skilled people. Recruitment: The HR, having advertised for jobs, receives a number of applications from which they identify and recruit suitable employees for the firm. Orientation: Once the recruitment process is over, the HR begins an induction program during which the new recruits are informed about the organisation, their background, their working methods and ethics, as well as introduce them to the other members of the organisation. Training: The next step is the development and training of the employees to equip them with technical skills, interpersonal skills and problem solving skills in order to enhance their performance and increase productivity for the company. Share Information: It becomes the responsibility of the HR to ensure that information is shared uniformly with all employees to increase their knowledge base. Appraisals: The HR evaluates the performance of the employees in periodic intervals through various methods, such as, multiple comparisons and feedbacks from co-workers and supervisors. These appraisals form the basis of the employees promotions, pay rises and other incentives. Motivation: In order to ensure the employees put in their best efforts in their respective jobs, the HR devises ways to sustain the interest of the employees and encourage them in contributing more and more to the firm. Maintain Welfare: The healthy maintenance of any organisations human resource largely depends on the working conditions, comforts and facilities provided to its employees. The HR plays a vital role in this area. They are to be readily available and pay heed to the needs of the employees, analyse their problems and find solutions to them. Retain Talent: This is done through career development, providing job security, compensation programs and skill based pay. Derecruitment: The HR discharges incapable employees to keep up with the requirements of an ever changing business environment. Labour Relations: One of the most significant roles of the HR is to ensure the smooth functioning of the firm and preventing strikes by the employees by maintaining good relations between the management and the employees. The HRM is therefore, responsible for managing the people of any organisation, as assets of that business and harmonizing their capabilities with the needs of the organisation. They encourage team spirit and coordination for smooth functioning of groups of people within the organisation. They play a key role in ensuring a long-term and sustained competitive advantage for any organisation. They are able to acquire this when the highest amount of value added is achieved by the employees and by creating a culture of innovation that is unique to the organisation. As the HRM employs methods that lead to high performance work systems, the beneficial results can be seen on the employee and the organisation end. As the employee is more involved in the organisation and grows in experience, he gains by way of job satisfaction leading to efficiency in work performance. Thus, the organization benefits as the productivity levels go up, the quality improves, more flexibility is infused into the system and finally the customer is satisfied. However, it also becomes the responsibility of the HRM to assume a more professional role, to maintain its honesty and integrity and keeping in mind at all times the interests of the customers and the employees alike. Strategic Goals and Objectives of any Organisation: Every business creates a vision for its future in order to ascertain its both short term and long term goals. This requires creative imagination. It is the strength of this imagination that powers the entire business process. However, a clear definition of the goals is required to be made in order to ensure that these objectives are attained. One of the most important goals is the performance objective and the individual performance strongly needs to be integrated with the objectives of the business. This is where the HR comes in. It is their responsibility to bring out and relate an individuals performance objectives to the performance objective of the business. While the HR challenges are greater than ever before, so too are the opportunities of the companies to excel through people strategies. (Strack et al., 2008) Competitive advantages may come from 2 kinds of sources in any organisation: Traditional ways/sources of competitive advantages Financial/economic Product capabilities Technological capability Organisational capability Generic strategies for gaining competitive advantages Cost leadership Product differentiation Search others Human Resource Management can be used to gain Competitive Advantage: The idea that individual employee performance can impact the performance of the firm positively has been studied for decades. However, the study has moved forward and put forth the notion that all the employees of a firm can together give a higher competitive advantage and bring about a greater improvement on the firms performance. This is possible only when a number of criteria are satisfied, namely, the employees are adding positively to the production, they have a unique talent or skill to offer and more importantly, the employees are not subject to replacement or substitution by technology. It is argued that employees are usually not working at their optimum levels and hence are underutilized. The HRM can play a significant role here in bringing them up to efficient levels and utilizing their potential to the optimum level by facilitating comfortable working conditions, motivating them, developing their skills and providing enhanced product knowledge through regular training, providing an organized structural base and give some amount of independence in their working and a flexible culture within the organization. This is sure to increase the output of the employees over and above the cost of such provisions. Further, the HRM can ensure better performance of the employees at the initial stage through careful selection and recruitment of qualified and skilled individuals. These skilled employees can turn out to be unproductive too unless provided with sufficient motivation. The HRM can again, motivate the employees to work harder and better by providing them with incentives that are linked to performance, which is assessed on a regular basis through evaluations of individual or groups of employees. Incentives may be provided in the form of promotions. Again, an organized structural base can be provided through tools such as, cross functional teams, job rotation and greater participation by allowing them the opportunity to freely use better ways of working. Thus, if the HRM can affect or influence the performance of the employees to maximize their output, they are in turn, improving the performance of the organisation and increasing their productivity. How is theory linked with practice? Explain with examples. The HRM today is not only responsible for managing teams of employees but also, for diversity both within the organisation and outside, constant change and increased globalisation. This is not an easy task. The HR when faced with resistance to adapt to change, ignorance by the policy makers as well as political considerations, finds it hard to employ the best HR practices in real terms. Amongst other challenges faced by the HR, we can mention those involving getting the people to accept change. The HR deals with resistance when bringing about any changes in the working methods, attitude of workers or values of the organisation. Moreover, globalisation has resulted in multicultural backgrounds of employees that pose a new kind of challenge for the HR, wherein they need to develop strategies catering to the needs of each of them. How HRM will help in developing organisational culture? Organisational Culture Focus on innovative and flexible environment The HR integrates the needs of the organisation with those of the employees and helps in developing the organisations culture by creating a positive attitude amongst the employees. Factors which the management should consider: Effective HR practices play a significant role in the economic growth of any country. In my opinion, the management needs to keep in mind that their actions have a macro level effect. The policies and training provided by them to the employees not only contribute towards the specific concern they are currently working for, but towards the nation as a whole. They are preparing individuals for the future. The professional development acquired by the employees at any particular firm carries forward to the next employment as well and remains with them for years to come. Hence, with their inputs and efforts, the HRM is not only enhancing the performance of the individual firm, but is augmenting the nations economy. Conclusion: Thus, we may conclude that organized HRM can provide a sustained economic growth and a competitive advantage when aligned with the strategic business plans of a company. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ can be placed elsewhere as per need. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a misfit here I dont see the need or connection with the topic

Sunday, October 13, 2019

Walt Disney the American Hero Essays -- essays research papers

Walt Disney the American Hero Walt Disney; When that name is spoken faces of children and adults alike light up with looks of sheer joy. When debating what to see at the movies the newest Disney flick is almost always decided upon over the others. With Disney people are 100 percent sure to walk out of the theater happy and smiling. From the catchy theme songs to the thrilling theme parks Disney has built the fantasy empire. Although he built the fantasy world Disney was not a man who walked around with his head in the clouds. He used his animation and film making skills to not only make fantastic movies but to also bring joy into times of war, fun into times of education, and excitement into times of vacation making him, Walt Disney, the epitome of an American hero. At the young age of sixteen Walt Disney was not the typical teenager. He was not obsessed with how he looked, or who did or didn't like him. His concerns were of the world and the fate of his country. In 1918, Walt signed up to defend his country in the military, but because of his young age he was turned away(www.tudlp.org Walt Disney Biography). Rejection was no discouragement to Walt, in fact, it was quite the opposite it was an encouragement to join the American Red Cross. With the Red Cross Walt was immediately shipped over seas to be a chauffeur and ambulance driver(www.tudlp.org Walt Disney Biography). Even in times of war Disney could bring smiles. Disney risked being captured, by covering his ambulance not with usual war time camouflage but with bright lively Disney cartoons(www.tudlp.org Walt Disney Biography). Again, unlike most other teenagers, who were more concerned with getting the job witch paid the most money and entailed the least amount of physical labor, Disn ey volunteered out of his own free will to risk his life for his country with his only reward being the moments of happiness he had brought to a country plagued with war. As part of his down to earth optimistic nature Disney had always put the advancement of education at the top of his priorities. He was a man who knew that education should be fun and wanted to do everything possible to make it that way. As Disney got older he realized that along with fame comes influence. He used his influence to build a school, a college of the cr... ...rf sized Oscars(Great Events from History. Disney releases Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs). Walt Disney created the American fantasy from thoughts pulled out of the far reaches of his imagination. He was a man who had never let go of his inner child. By simply reaching for that inner child he created every child's dream in the form of a simple talking mouse. That mouse became his trademark. Mickey was a trade mark to be used to his advantage though. With his fame and money gained from Mickey he could go on to do heroic things like build schools, work to aid his country during war, build family friendly theme parks, and make unforgettable movies. Walt Disney once said "The way to get started is to quit talking and start doing(ww2.netnitco.net Walt Disney's Great Quotes)." That is exactly what Disney has done and what all Americans should strive to do. Throughout his life Disney taught the world that "It's kind of fun to do the impossible(ww2.netnitco.net Walt Disney's Great Quotes)." If all of America strove to do the impossible everyday then every A merican would soon fit in beside Walt Disney under the category of an American hero.

Saturday, October 12, 2019

Far From The Madding Crowd :: essays research papers

Thomas Hardy Far From The Madding Crowd centers around the beautiful Bathsheba Everdene, and the three who love her and try to win her over. Gabriel Oak, Mr. Boldwood, and Sergeant Francis Troy find them selves intertwined in their quest to win Bathsheba. Bathsheba is headstrong, feminine, and beautiful. She inherits her uncle’s farm, and tries to run it herself. As all of theme were farmers, they didn’t think that she cold do it. Although she had a few things go wrong like fires she overall handles her farm very well and became a good farmer. But, her love life was something else. She had three men after her at the same time. The first suitor she met was Gabriel Oak. Farmer Oak was dependable and caring and wise. Without him, Bathsheba couldn’t have taken care of the farm. Oak did have his own sheep, but they were killed in a freak accident when they ran off a cliff. Oak is â€Å"one with nature.† He knew just by looking at his she’s tails that it was going to rain. He would do anything for Bathsheba (and he did), even thought she denied his first attempt at marriage. In the end thought, Bathsheba did marry Oak. Troy first met Bathsheba as they were walking through the woods. Bathsheba became tangled in the brambles with Troy. He made a few comments to her about how lovely se was and how he would love to stay tangled up with her. Instantly, Bathsheba was in love. Little did she know that Troy was deeply in love with a girl named Fanny Robbins, who was a maid of Bathsheba’s. Troy ended up marrying Bathsheba, but it was a bad marriage and didn’t last for long. Bathsheba was in love with Troy’s image and he loved her for her money and appearance. The final straw for their marriage was when Fanny died. Troy lost his true love, an unborn child, and in the end, his own life. Ironically, his death was by the hands of Bathsheba’s suitor Boldwood. Boldwood was introduced to Bathsheba when she sent him a valentine. Soon, his pleasure turned to obsession for Bathsheba. She constantly denied his advances, but he wouldn’t give up. Boldwood eventually found himself on the brink of insanity. When Troy returned, after allowing everyone to believe that he had drowned, Boldwood became enraged when he tried to take Bathsheba away.

Friday, October 11, 2019

Apush Notes

1. The Shaping of North America 1. Recorded history began 6,000 years ago. It was 500 years ago that Europeans set foot on the Americas to begin the era of accurately recorded history on the continent. 2. The theory of â€Å"Pangaea† exists suggesting that the continents were once nestled together into one mega-continent. The continents then spread out as drifting islands. 3. Geologic forces of continental plates created the Appalachian and Rocky Mountains. 4. The Great Ice Age thrust down over North America and scoured the present day American Midwest. 2. Peopling the Americas 1.The â€Å"Land Bridge† theory†¦ 1. As the Great Ice Age diminished, so did the glaciers over North America. 2. The theory holds that a â€Å"Land Bridge† emerged linking Asia & North America across what’s today the Bering Sea. People were said to have walked across the â€Å"bridge† before the sea level rose and sealed it off and thus populated the Americas. 2. The Lan d Bridge is suggested as occurring an estimated 35,000 years ago. 3. Many peoples emerged†¦ 1. Those groups that traversed the land bridge spread across North, Central, and South America. 2. Countless tribes emerged with an estimated 2,000 languages.Notably†¦ 1. Incas – Peru, with elaborate network of roads and bridges linking their empire. 2. Mayas – Yucatan Peninsula, with their step pyramids. 3. Aztecs – Mexico, with step pyramids and huge sacrifices of conquered peoples. 3. The Earliest Americans 1. Development of corn or â€Å"maize† around 5,000 B. C. in Mexico was revolutionary in that†¦ 1. Then, people didn’t have to be hunter-gatherers, they could settle down and be farmers. 2. This fact gave rise to towns and then cities. 3. Corn arrived in the present day U. S. around 1,200 B. C. 2. Pueblo Indians 1.The Pueblos were the 1st American corn growers. 2. They lived in adobe houses (dried mud) and pueblos (â€Å"villages† in Spanish). Pueblos are villages of cubicle shaped adobe houses, stacked one on top the other and often beneath cliffs. 3. They had elaborate irrigation systems to draw water away from rivers to grown corn. 3. Mound Builders 1. These people built huge ceremonial and burial mounds and were located in the Ohio Valley. 2. Cahokia, near East St. Louis today, held 40,000 people. 4. Eastern Indians 1. Eastern Indians grew corn, beans, and squash in â€Å"three sister† farming†¦ 1.Corn grew in a stalk providing a trellis for beans, beans grew up the stalk, squash’s broad leaves kept the sun off the ground and thus kept the moisture in the soil. 2. This group likely had the best (most diverse) diet of all North American Indians and is typified by the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw (South) and Iroquois (North). 5. Iroquois Confederation 1. Hiawatha was the legendary leader of the group. 2. The Iroquois Confederation was a group of 5 tribes in New York state. 3. They were matri lineal as authority and possessions passed down through the female line. 4.Each tribe kept their independence, but met occasionally to discuss matters of common interest, like war/defense. 5. This was not the norm. Usually, Indians were scattered and separated (and thus weak). 6. Native Americans had a very different view of things as compared to Europeans. 1. Native Americans felt no man owned the land, the tribe died. (Europeans liked private property) 2. Indians felt nature was mixed with many spirits. (Europeans were Christian and monotheistic) 3. Indians felt nature was sacred. (Europeans believed nature and land was given to man by God in Genesis to be subdued and put to use). . Indians had little or no concept or interest in money. (Europeans loved money or gold) 4. Indirect Discoverers of the New World1. The 1st Europeans to come to America were the Norse (Vikings from Norway). 1. Around 1,000 A. D. , the Vikings landed, led by Erik the Red and Leif Erikson. 2. They landed i n â€Å"Newfoundland† or â€Å"Vinland† (due to all of the vines). 3. However, these men left America and left no written record and therefore didn’t get the credit. 4. The only record is found in Viking sagas or songs. 2. The Christian Crusaders of Middle Ages fought in Palestine to regain the Holy Land from Muslims.This mixing of East and West created a sweet-tooth where Europeans wanted the spices of the exotic East. 5. Europeans Enter Africa This content copyright  © 2010 by WikiNotes. wikidot. com 1. Marco Polo traveled to China and stirred up a storm of European interest. 2. Mixed with desire for spices, an East to West (Asia to Europe) trade flourished but had to be overland, at least in part. This initiated new exploration down around Africa in hopes of an easier (all water) route.3. Portugal literally started a sailing school to find better ways to get to the â€Å"Spice Islands,† eventually rounding Africa’s southern Cape of Good Hope. . New developments emerged†¦ 1. caravel – a ship with triangular sail that could better tack (zig-zag) ahead into the wind and thus return to Europe from the Africa coast. 2. compass – to determine direction. 3. astrolabe – a sextant gizmo that could tell a ship’s latitude. 5. Slave trade begins 1. Slavery was initially race-independent. A slave was whoever lost in battle. Usually, slaves came from the Slavic regions of Europe, hence the name. 2. The first African slave trade was across the Sahara Desert. 3. Later, it was along the West African coast.Slave traders purposely busted up tribes and families in order to squelch any possible uprising. 4. Slaves wound up on sugar plantations the Portuguese had set up on the tropical islands off of Africa’s coast. 5. Spain watched Portugal’s success with exploration and slaving with envy and wanted a piece of the pie. 6. Columbus Comes upon a New World 1. Columbus convinced Isabella and Ferdina nd to fund his expedition. 2. His goal was to reach the East (East Indies) by sailing west, thus bypassing the around-Africa route that Portugal monopolized. 3.He misjudged the size of the Earth though, thinking it 1/3 the size of what it was. 4. So, after 30 days or so at sea, when he struck land, he assumed he’d made it to the East Indies and therefore mistook the people as â€Å"Indians. † 5. This spawned the following system†¦ 1. Europe would provide the market, capital, technology. 2. Africa would provide the labor. 3. The New World would provide the raw materials of gold, soil, and lumber.7. When Worlds Collide 1. Of huge importance was the biological flip-flop of Old and New Worlds. Simply put, it was a trade of life such as plants, foods, animals, germs. . From the New World (America) to the Old 1. corn, potatoes, tobacco, beans, peppers, manioc, pumpkin, squash, tomato, wild rice, etc. 2. also, syphilis 3. From Old World to the New 1. cows, pigs, horses, wheat, sugar cane, apples, cabbage, citrus, carrots, Kentucky bluegrass, etc. 2. devastating diseases – smallpox, yellow fever, malaria as Indians had no immunities. 1. The Indians had no immunities in their systems built up over generations. 2. An estimated 90% of all pre-Columbus Indians died, mostly due to disease. 8. The Spanish Conquistadores 1.Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 – Portugal and Spain feuded over who got what land. The Pope drew this line as he was respected by both. 1. The line ran North-South, and chopped off the Brazilian coast of South America 2. Portugal got everything east of the line (Brazil and land around/under Africa) 3. Spain got everything west of the line (which turned out to be much more, though they didn’t know it at the time) 2. Conquistadores is Spanish â€Å"conquerors†. 1. Vasco Balboa – â€Å"discovered† the Pacific Ocean across the isthmus of Panama.2. Ferdinand Magellan – circumnavigated the globe (h e was the first to do so). . Ponce de Leon – touches and names Florida looking for legendary â€Å"Fountain of Youth†. 4. Hernando Cortes – enters Florida, travels up into present day Southeastern U. S. , dies and is â€Å"buried† in Mississippi River, 5. Francisco Pizarro – conquers Incan Empire of Peru and begins shipping tons of gold/silver back to Spain. This huge influx of precious metals made European prices skyrocket (inflation). 6. Francisco Coronado – ventured into current Southwest U. S. looking for legendary Cibola, city of gold. He found the Pueblo Indians. 3. Encomienda system established 1.Indians were â€Å"commended† or given to Spanish landlords 2. The idealistic theory of the encomienda was that Indians would work on the farm and be converted to Christianity. But it was basically just slavery on a sugar plantation guised as missionary work. 9. The Conquest of Mexico 1. Hernando Cortez conquered the Aztecs at Tenochti tlan. 2. Cortez went from Cuba to present day Vera Cruz, then marched over mountains to the Aztec capital. 3. Montezuma, the Aztec king, thought Cortez might be the god Quetzalcoatl who was due to re-appear that very year. Montezuma welcomed Cortez into Tenochtitlan. . The Spanish lust for gold led Montezuma to attack on the noche triste, sad night. Cortez and men fought their way out, but it was smallpox that eventually beat the Indians. 5. The Spanish then destroyed Tenochtitlan, building the Spanish capital (Mexico City) exactly on top of the Aztec city. 6. A new race of people emerged, mestizos, a mix of Spanish and Indian blood. 10. The Spread of Spanish America 1. Spanish society quickly spread through Peru and Mexico 2. A threat came from neighbors†¦ 1. English – John Cabot (an Italian who sailed for England) touched the coast of the current U.S. 2. Italy – Giovanni de Verrazano also touched on the North American seaboard. 3. France – Jacques Cartier went into mouth of St. Lawrence River (Canada). 3. To oppose this, Spain set up forts (presidios) all over the California coast. Also cities, like St. Augustine in Florid # 4. Don Juan de Onate followed Coronado’s old path into present day New Mexico. He conquered the Indians ruthlessly, maiming them by cutting off one foot of survivors just so they’d remember. 5. Despite mission efforts, the Pueblo Indians revolted in Pope’s Rebellion. 6.Robert de LaSalle sailed down the Mississippi River for France claiming the whole region for their King Louis and naming the area â€Å"Louisiana† after his king. This started a slew of place-names for that area, from LaSalle, Illinois to â€Å"Louisville† and then on down to New Orleans (the American counter of Joan of Arc’s famous victory at Orleans). 7. â€Å"Black Legend† – The Black Legend was the notion that Spaniards only brought bad things (murder, disease, slavery); though true, they also brought good things such as law systems, architecture, Christianity, language, and civilization, so that the Black Legend is partly, but not entirely, accurate.